Noisemaker for pipe systems

ABSTRACT

A noisemaker system includes a node of an infrastructure system; and a noisemaker connected in fluid communication with the node, the noisemaker including a noisemaker housing defining a noisemaker cavity, and a pulsing device positioned within the noisemaker cavity, the pulsing device configured to contact a fluid within the noisemaker cavity and generate an acoustic signal within the fluid.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to noisemakers. More specifically, thisdisclosure relates to devices which generate noise in fluid pipesystems.

BACKGROUND

As infrastructure pipe systems, such as those in the water, wastewater,oil, or gas industries, reach the end of their service lives, they tendto leak more, have leaks that are more difficult to find, and havehigher risks of catastrophic failure. For example, pipes in the systemmay lose metal resulting in a reduction in pipe wall thickness,typically as a result of internal and external corrosion. Sustained wallthickness loss eventually causes the pipes to fail. Main breaks, as wellas pipe age and material, have historically been the key determinantsfor selecting pipes to replace or rehabilitate. However, these factorsmay not be indicative of the current or even future condition of thepipeline because pipes may decay at different rates, even if pipes arethe same age and close in physical proximity. Finding these weakenedpipes, especially along long lines of underground or otherwiseinaccessible pipes, therefore assists in protecting pipe systemintegrity.

SUMMARY

Disclosed is a noisemaker system including: a node of an infrastructuresystem; and a noisemaker connected in fluid communication with the node,the noisemaker including a noisemaker housing defining a noisemakercavity, and a pulsing device positioned within the noisemaker cavity,the pulsing device configured to contact a fluid within the noisemakercavity and generate an acoustic signal within the fluid.

Also disclosed is a noisemaker including: a noisemaker housing, thenoisemaker housing defining a noisemaker cavity, the noisemaker cavityin fluid communication with an infrastructure pipe system; and a pulsingdevice, the pulsing device positioned within the noisemaker cavity andconfigured to generate an acoustic signal within a fluid of theinfrastructure pipe system.

Also disclosed is a method including: mounting a noisemaker on a node ofan infrastructure system, the noisemaker comprising a noisemaker housingdefining a noisemaker cavity, and a pulsing device positioned within thenoisemaker cavity; and generating an acoustic signal in the fluid bycontacting the pulsing device with a fluid within the noisemaker cavity.

Various implementations described in the present disclosure may includeadditional systems, methods, features, and advantages, which may notnecessarily be expressly disclosed herein but will be apparent to one ofordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following detaileddescription and accompanying drawings. It is intended that all suchsystems, methods, features, and advantages be included within thepresent disclosure and protected by the accompanying claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features and components of the following figures are illustrated toemphasize the general principles of the present disclosure.Corresponding features and components throughout the figures may bedesignated by matching reference characters for the sake of consistencyand clarity.

FIG. 1 is a side view of a noisemaker system including a firstnoisemaker in accordance with one embodiment of the current disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a side view of the first noisemaker of FIG. 1 disassembled.

FIG. 3 is a side view of a noisemaker system in accordance with anotherembodiment of the current disclosure, the noisemaker system including asecond noisemaker.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the first noisemaker of FIG. 1 with adisplacement mechanism including a mounting plate attached to the firstnoisemaker.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a piston of the first noisemaker of FIG.1 connected to the mounting plate of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a noisemaker system in accordance withanother embodiment of the current disclosure, the noisemaker systemincluding the second noisemaker of FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed is a noisemaker and associated methods, systems, devices, andvarious apparatus. It would be understood by one of skill in the artthat the disclosed noisemaker is described in but a few exemplaryembodiments among many. No particular terminology or description shouldbe considered limiting on the disclosure or the scope of any claimsissuing therefrom.

Noisemakers are devices designed to generate noise in infrastructurepiping systems, such as water pipes. In various embodiments, aninfrastructure system is a water infrastructure system. Theinfrastructure system includes various nodes such as pipes, meters,pumps, valves, storage tanks, and various other access or connectionpoints. In various embodiments, a node of the infrastructure system is afire hydrant. In various embodiments, the generated noise may be used tomeasure the velocity of sound in the pipe, which may be utilized forpipe wall assessment. In various embodiments, the velocity of sound inthe pipe may be indicative of the condition of the pipeline. Forexample, in various embodiments, an average minimum pipe wall thicknessmay be determined from the average propagation velocity of sound in thepipe. The propagation velocity of noise may depend on parameters such asthe internal diameter and circumferential thickness profile of the pipe,density and bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid in the pipe, andYoung's modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio of the pipe wallmaterial. In various embodiments, the propagation velocity, which isusually the average propagation velocity, can be determined by measuringthe time delay between acoustic signals measured at two points on a pipethat are a known distance apart, such as at a control valve, firehydrant, or other point on the pipe, using devices such as hydrophonesor vibration sensors. The generated noise may also be utilized to locatea pipe with various listening or sound-measuring equipment. Thefrequency and regularity of the noise may also need to be adjusted basedon the different parameters of the system to obtain better readings.

As described below, a noisemaker is a sound source and generallyincludes a noisemaker housing and an acoustic mechanism configured togenerate an acoustic signal within a fluid, such as a water column. Invarious embodiments, the acoustic mechanism is housed within thenoisemaker housing. In various embodiments, the acoustic mechanism ishoused within a noisemaker cavity defined by the noisemaker housing. Invarious embodiments, the acoustic mechanism is in fluid communicationwith the water column. The direct fluid communication between theacoustic mechanism and the water column may increase both the clarityand the quality of the acoustic signal generated and may increase thedistance that the acoustic signal travels compared to striking anexterior of a pipe.

One embodiment of a noisemaker system 100 is disclosed and described inFIG. 1. The noisemaker system 100 includes a first noisemaker 102. Thenoisemaker system 100 is configured to connect to infrastructure pipingsystems, such as water distribution piping systems, at various nodeswithin the system, such as at control valves or fire hydrants in waterdistribution piping systems. In various embodiments, the noisemakersystem 100 connects to a node, such as a nozzle on a fire hydrant,through a node adapter 116. In various other embodiments, the noisemaker102 may directly connect to the node without the use of the node adapter116. The fire hydrant may be a dry barrel hydrant in variousembodiments. In these embodiments, the noisemaker system 100 may beconnected to a nozzle of the dry barrel hydrant before a hydrant valveis opened to fill a barrel of the hydrant and the noisemakers 102,302with water. In various other embodiments, the noisemaker system 100 maybe connected to various other access points on a pipe network such asvarious valves, hydrants, or other access points. The noisemaker system100 may connect to a wet barrel hydrant in various embodiments.

The first noisemaker 102 is a piston device and includes a pistonhousing 104 and a piston 106. The piston 106 includes a piston rod 108and a piston head 200 (shown in FIG. 2). In various embodiments, thepiston rod 108 includes a first end 110 and a second end (not shown).The piston rod 108 is connected to the piston head 200 at the second endof the piston rod 108. In various embodiments, the piston rod 108 andpiston head 200 are cylindrical and a diameter of the piston head 200 isgreater than a diameter of the piston rod 108; however, the shape of thepiston rod 108 or piston head 200 should not be considered limiting onthe current disclosure as in various other embodiments, the piston rod108 or piston head 200 may have any desired shape.

The piston housing 104 includes a first end 112 and a second end 114.The piston housing 104 defines a piston cavity (not shown) within thepiston housing 104. The piston cavity is substantially continuous from afirst opening (not shown) at the first end 112 to a second opening (notshown) at the second end 114. The piston head 200 is contained withinthe piston cavity of the piston housing 104 and moves within the pistoncavity of the piston housing 104 via the piston rod 108.

As shown in FIG. 1, the noisemaker 102 includes a neck 132 connected tothe piston housing 104. In various embodiments, the neck 132 includesthreading 204 (shown in FIG. 2) as a connection mechanism for securingthe neck 132 to the piston housing 104; however, in various otherembodiments, other connection mechanisms may be utilized to secure theneck 132 to the piston housing 104. The neck 132 includes a first end134 and a second end (not shown) and defines a neck cavity (not shown).The neck cavity is substantially continuous from a first opening 400(shown in FIG. 4) at the first end 134 to a second opening (not shown)at the second end of the neck 132. The neck cavity has a diameter thatis less than the diameter of the piston head 200 such that the pistonhead 200 is stopped by the neck 132 and may not move through the neckcavity. The piston rod 108 extends through the neck cavity such that thefirst end 110 of the piston rod 108 is positioned exterior to the pistonhousing 104 and exterior to the neck 132. In various embodiments, fluid,such as water, may flow through the second opening and into the pistoncavity. The piston cavity is thus in fluid communication with the restof the noisemaker system 100 and thereby the piping system.

The noisemaker 102 is configured to connect to an infrastructure pipingsystems, such as water distribution piping systems, at various nodes,such as at control valves or fire hydrants in water distribution pipingsystems, through the piston housing 104. In various embodiments, thepiston housing 104 connects to a node, such as a nozzle on a firehydrant, through a node adapter 116. In the present embodiment, the nodeadapter 116 is a hydrant adapter; however, in various other embodiments,the node adapter 116 may be any suitable node adapter for connecting thepiston housing 104 to the infrastructure piping system.

As shown in FIG. 1, in various embodiments, the piston housing 104 isconnected to the node adapter 116 through connector pipes 118 a,b,c. Theshape, location, number, or size of the connector pipes 118 a,b,c shouldnot be considered limiting on the current disclosure as the connectorpipes 118 may include any desired shape, any desired number of connectorpipes 118, and any desired size, and may be positioned at any desiredlocation. Fluid, such as a water column within the infrastructure pipingsystem, may fill the connector piping 118 a,b,c and the piston housing104 when the piston housing 104 is connected, thereby providing thepiston head 200 within the piston housing 104 direct access to the watercolumn and placing the piston head 200 in fluid communication with thewater column.

In a fully closed position of the piston 106, the first end 110 of thepiston rod 108 is at a maximum distance from the first end 112 of thepiston housing 104. In the fully closed position, the piston head 200may abut against the neck 132 and closes the first opening. As shown inFIG. 2, in various embodiments, the noisemaker 102 includes an O-ring202 positioned on the piston rod 108 adjacent to the piston head 200. Invarious embodiments, the O-ring 202 may provide a leak-proof sealbetween the piston head 200 and the neck 132 when the piston 106 is inthe fully closed position. In various other embodiments, various othersealing mechanisms may be utilized instead of the O-ring 202 or inaddition to the O-ring 202 such that a seal is formed between the pistonrod 108 and the neck 132 when the piston 106 is at intermediatepositions less than the fully closed position within the piston housing104.

Water pressure within the noisemaker system 100 maintains the piston 106in the fully closed position until the piston rod 108 is displacedthrough a force applied to the piston rod 108. Displacement of thepiston rod 108 displaces the piston head 200 and moves the piston head200 through the piston cavity of the piston housing 104 away from thefirst end 112. In various embodiments, the force acting on the pistonrod 108 to displace the piston head 200 may be supplied through a toolsuch as a hammer striking the first end 110 of the piston rod 108, by avibrator 402 (shown in FIG. 4) connected to the piston rod 108, orvarious other displacement mechanisms which impact the piston head 200of the piston 106 to move through the piston housing 104. For example,in various other embodiments, a cam device (not illustrated) may beattached to the noisemaker 102 or at various other locations in thenoisemaker system 100. The cam device includes a cam that engages thepiston rod 108 to deliver pulses of force to the piston rod 108 atregular or irregular intervals.

In a displaced position of the piston 106, the first end 110 of thepiston rod 108 is at a distance from the first end 112 of the pistonhousing 104 less than the maximum distance of the fully closed position.After the piston 106 is displaced, the water pressure within thenoisemaker system 100 returns the piston 106 in the fully closedposition until the piston rod 108 is displaced again. In variousembodiments, the piston 106 may be displaced at varying intervals. Thetime intervals at which the piston 106 is displaced may be at regularintervals or irregular intervals.

The piston head 200 is displaced within the piston housing 104 such thatthe piston head 200 contacts and directly displaces water within thepiston housing 104 and thereby within the infrastructure piping system.Displacement of the piston head 200 to directly displace water withinthe piston housing 104 creates a pressure pulse, or an acoustic signal,in the water column. In various embodiments, the force of thedisplacement of the piston head 200 is controlled to vary the strengthof the acoustic signal. In various embodiments, the frequency of thedisplacement of the piston head 200 is controlled to vary the frequencyof the acoustic signal. The acoustic signal created by the displacementmay be utilized for pipe wall assessment and determining the locationsof pipes in various embodiments.

As shown in FIG. 1, the noisemaker system 100 includes an access valve120, which may be selectively opened or closed to put the noisemaker 102in contact with the water column. The access valve 120 includes a valvehousing 122 and a valve (not shown). The valve housing 122 includes afirst end 126 defining an inlet and a second end 128 defining an outlet.The valve housing 122 defines a valve cavity which is substantiallycontinuous from the inlet to the outlet of the valve housing 122 toallow fluid flow through the valve housing 122. The valve housing 122 isconnected to the node adapter 116 through the connector pipe 118 c. Thewater column within the infrastructure piping may flow through theconnector pipe 118 c and the valve housing 122 when the valve housing122 is connected, thereby providing the valve within the valve housing122 direct access to the water column.

The valve is housed in the valve housing 122 and is actuated by a stem124. In various embodiments, the stem 124 is positioned in the valvecavity and is connected to the valve. The stem 124 can be rotated toactuate the valve within the valve housing 122 and to open or close thevalve selectively. In various embodiments, the stem 124 includes ahandle 136 to rotate the stem 124 and thereby actuate the valve withinthe valve housing 122 between an open position and a closed position. Inthe present embodiment, the valve is a ball valve having a ballconnected to the stem 124. The ball defines a bore therethrough throughwhich fluid may pass when the ball is rotated to the open position, butblocks fluid flow when the ball is rotated to the closed position.Opening the access valve 120 may allow the water or fluid to flow atfull force through the valve housing 122 and closing the access valve120 may abruptly interrupt the flow of the water; however, in variousother embodiments, the valve may be various other types of valves, suchas a butterfly valve.

As shown in FIG. 1, in various embodiments, the noisemaker system 100includes a purge valve 130. In various embodiments, the purge valve 130is included to remove air or other gases from the noisemaker system 100prior to activation of the noisemaker 102, as well as debris that caninterfere with the operation of the noisemaker system 100. In variousembodiments, if air is in the noisemaker system 100, displacement of thepiston 106 of the noisemaker 102 would compress the air and as a result,reduce the magnitude of the pressure pulse generated in the water columnwhen the piston 106 directly displaces the water. Air present in thenoisemaker system 100 may act as a cushion to reduce the effect of thepressure pulse.

FIG. 2 shows the first noisemaker 102 with the piston 106 removed fromthe piston housing 104 to show the piston head 200 and O-ring 202 of thepiston 106.

FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of a noisemaker system 300. As shown inFIG. 3, the noisemaker system 300 includes a second noisemaker 302. Thesecond noisemaker 302 includes a valve housing 308 and a valve (notshown). The valve housing 308 is similar to the valve housing 122 andincludes a first end 310 defining an inlet and a second end 312 definingan outlet. The valve housing 308 defines a valve cavity which issubstantially continuous from the inlet to the outlet of the valvehousing 308 to allow fluid flow through the valve housing 308. The valvehousing 308 is connected to the node adapter 116 through the connectorpipe 118 c. The water column within the infrastructure piping may flowthrough the connector pipe 118 c and the valve housing 308 when thevalve housing 308 is connected, thereby providing the valve within thevalve housing 308 direct access to the water column.

The valve is housed in the valve housing 308 and is actuated by a stem(not shown). In various embodiments, the stem is positioned in the valvecavity and is connected to the valve. The stem can be rotated to actuatethe valve within the valve housing 308 and to open or close the valveselectively. In various other embodiments, a variable speed motor (notshown) is connected to the stem to rotate the stem and thereby actuatethe valve. The opening and closing of the valve creates a pulsatingwater flow which generates noise, or an acoustic signal, as a pulse inthe water column. The rate at which the valve opens and closes can becontrolled to vary the frequency of the pulsating flow and thereby thefrequency of the acoustic signal. In various embodiments, the valve maybe opened and closed at regular time intervals or irregular timeintervals. In various other embodiments, the valve is not continuouslyopened and closed. Instead, in various embodiments, a closed valve maybe rapidly opened, may remain in a fully open position for a period toallow water flow through the valve housing 308, and then the valve maybe closed rapidly and remain fully closed for a period of time. Theseembodiments including leaving the valve open for a period of time andclosed for a period of time and may provide for a more dramatic flowpulsation. A cam device including a cam may be utilized in theseembodiments to engage the stem such that the valve remains open for aperiod of time and closed for a period of time. In various otherembodiments, a cam device may be utilized to continuously open and closethe valve within the valve housing 308.

In the present embodiment, the valve is a butterfly valve having arotatable disc connected to the stem; however, in various otherembodiments, the valve may be various other types of valves, such as aball valve, which may allow the water or fluid to flow at full forcethrough the valve housing 308 and then abruptly interrupt the flow ofthe water. In various embodiments, the butterfly valve is rotatedthrough the variable speed motor connected to the stem. In various otherembodiments, various other displacement mechanisms configured to rotatethe valve may be utilized. The rotational speed of the butterfly valveis controlled to vary the frequency of the pulsating flow.

As shown in FIG. 3, in various embodiments, the noisemaker 302 includesan adapter 304, which is connected to the stem of the noisemaker 302. Invarious embodiments, the adapter 304 is utilized by the variable speedmotor to rotate the stem. In the present embodiment, the adapter 304 isa drill adapter for attachment to and activation by a drill, such as acordless drill, to rotate the stem. As shown in FIG. 3, the noisemakersystem 300 includes a pipe joint 306 connected to the connector pipe 118a. The pipe joint 306 may be connected to various other components ofthe piping system such as other pipes, other valves, faucets, or othercomponents of the piping system, or may not be connected to any othercomponents of the pipe system and simply vent to an exterior of the pipesystem, such as a street or ground surface adjacent to a fire hydrant.The second noisemaker 302 expels fluid from the noisemaker system 300 atintervals and the fluid exits the noisemaker system 300 through thejoint 306. The disclosure of the pipe joint 306 should not be consideredlimiting on the current disclosure as in various other embodiments, anysuitable pipe joint or other piping system component may be utilized, orthe pipe joint 306 might not be present and the fluid exits from thenoisemaker system 300 from the connector pipe 118 a.

In the current embodiment, the noisemaker system 300 is a modificationof the noisemaker system 100 wherein the noisemaker 102 is detached andreplaced by the joint 306. The pipe joint 306 may be provided as anaccessory to the noisemaker system 100 to provide a downward-facingoutlet for expelling fluid with the noisemaker 302. The pipe joint 306and the noisemaker 102 are both removable and interchangeable asdesired.

FIG. 4 shows the first noisemaker 102 connected to the vibrator 402. Invarious embodiments, the vibrator 402 is utilized to generate a force toact on the piston rod 108 and displace the piston rod 108 and pistonhead 200 within the piston cavity of the piston housing 104. In variousembodiments, the speed, frequency, and force of the vibrator may beadjustable.

As shown in FIG. 4, the vibrator 402 may be attached to a top side 406of a mounting plate 404 through an attachment mechanism such as welding,adhesives, nuts and bolts, screws, or various other attachmentmechanisms. The mounting plate 404 includes a connector 500 (shown inFIG. 5) attached to a bottom side 408 of the mounting plate 404 suchthat the mounting plate 404 may connect to the piston rod 108. Theconnector 500 may include a securing mechanism 502 (shown in FIG. 5),such as threading, pins, bolts, hooks, or various other securingmechanisms to secure the piston rod 108 to the connector 500.

As shown in FIG. 5, in various embodiments, the connector 500 is acylinder defining a connector bore 504. The shape of the connector 500should not be considered limiting as in various other embodiments, theconnector 500 may have any desired shape. In the present embodiment, theconnector 500 is connected to the mounting plate 404 through welding506; however, in various other embodiments, the connector 500 may beattached to the mounting plate 404 through various other attachmentmechanisms such as adhesives, nuts and bolts, screws, or various otherattachment mechanisms, or may be formed integrally with the mountingplate 404, for example by molding or machining. The connector bore 504may have a diameter sized to receive the piston rod 108 into theconnector bore 504.

The piston rod 108 may define a piston pin bore (not shown) extendingtransversely through the piston rod 108 and the connector 500 may definea connector pin bore (not shown) extending transversely through theconnector 500. As described above in various embodiments, the connector500 includes the securing mechanism 502, which in the present embodimentis a nut and bolt; however, in various other embodiments, the securingmechanism 502 is any suitable securing mechanism. In variousembodiments, the securing mechanism 502 is positioned through the pistonpin bore and the connector pin bore and secured such that the piston rod108 is secured and attached to the connector 500. Securing the pistonrod 108 to the connector 500 retains the piston rod 108 within theconnector bore 504 and thereby attaches the piston rod 108 to themounting plate 404.

As shown in FIG. 5, in various embodiments, the mounting plate 404defines a plurality of mounting bores 508 extending through the mountingplate 404 from the top side 406 to the bottom side 408. In the presentembodiment, the mounting plate 404 defines four mounting bores 508a,b,c,d; however, the number of mounting bores 508 should not beconsidered limiting as in various other embodiments, any desired numberof mounting bores 508, including one or no mounting bores 508, may beutilized. In various embodiments, the mounting bores 508 are provided toreceive a securing mechanism (not shown) through the mounting bores 508to secure the vibrator 402 to the mounting plate 404. In various otherembodiments, the vibrator 402 may be secured to the mounting plate 404through any suitable securing mechanism including, but not limited to,nuts and bolts, screws, pins, hooks, adhesives, welding, and variousother securing mechanisms. In various embodiments, the vibrator 402 is avariable speed vibrator such that the rate at which the piston 106 isdisplaced within the piston housing 104 can be controlled to vary thefrequency of the pressure pulse and thus the frequency of the acousticsignal.

FIG. 6 shows another embodiment of a noisemaker system 600 connected toa nozzle 604 on a fire hydrant 602, through the node adapter 116. Asshown in FIG. 6, the noisemaker system 600 includes the secondnoisemaker 302 and the access valve 120. In various embodiments, theaccess valve 120 may be in a fully open position to permit fluid flowthrough the pipe joint 306 or in a partially open position to permitreduced fluid flow through the pipe joint 306 while the secondnoisemaker 302 is being used. In the current embodiment, the hydrant 602is a dry-barrel fire hydrant having a hydrant body 606 and a bonnet 608connected to a top end of hydrant body 606. A hydrant shoe (not shown)is connected to a bottom end of the hydrant body 606 and may beconnected to a water supply pipe or any other fluid supply pipe. Invarious embodiments, hydrant 602 may be other types of fire hydrants,such as a wet-barrel fire hydrant, and the disclosure of a dry-barrelfire hydrant should not be considered limiting. In the currentembodiment, an operating nut 610 is mounted on the bonnet and has athreaded connection with a stem (not shown). The stem is connected to amain valve (not shown) in the hydrant 602 such that operation of theoperating nut 610 opens the main valve to allow water to flow from thewater supply pipe to the hydrant body 606 or closes the main valve todiscontinue water flow from the water supply pipe to the hydrant body606. The main valve can be opened and closed by turning the operatingnut 610 to actuate the main valve between an open position and a closedposition.

Any of the noisemaker systems 100,300,600 may be open looped systems orclosed loop systems with feedback control. Although the discussion belowis directed towards the noisemaker system 100 with the noisemaker 102,the discussion is equally applicable to the noisemaker systems 300,600and the second noisemaker 302. When the noisemaker system 100 is an openloop system, the noisemaker system 100 does not receive feedback to makeadjustments to the system.

When the noisemaker system 100 is closed loop systems, the noisemakersystem 100 includes acoustic sensors in wired or wireless communicationwith a controller device controlling the noisemaker 102. The noisemakersystem 100 is connected to a node of the pipe network and an acousticsensor is placed on the same pipe network but at a different nodelocated in proximity to the noisemaker system 100. The number ofacoustic sensors should not be considered limiting as in variousembodiments, any desired number of acoustic sensors may be utilized. Theacoustic sensors and noisemaker system 100 may be in bi-directionalwireless communication through a controller. In various otherembodiments, the acoustic sensors and noisemaker system 100 may be inbi-directional wired communication. The controller may utilize thefeedback from the sensors to adjust the frequency pattern of theacoustic signal generated by the noisemaker 102 as different pipesegments may be responsive to different frequencies due to pipecomposition, pipe location, or various other aspects of the pipe. Invarious other embodiments, the controller may be omitted.

An objective of the noisemaker systems 100,300,600 is to inject soundinto a fluid-filled pipe in order to determine the propagation speed ofthe acoustic waves in the fluid-pipe system. To estimate the propagationspeed, the sound may be sensed by multiple sensors, such as at least twosensors, placed at various locations along the pipe. Various sensingtechnologies may be used for the sensors, including but not limited topiezoelectric accelerometers placed on a pipe surface, hydrophonesplaced in the water column, or electromagnetic sensors to measure theradial velocity of the pipe wall. Based on the distances betweensensors, the propagation speed of acoustic waves and the propagationdelay of the signal observed at multiple locations along the pipe may bedetermined.

A method of adjusting the frequency pattern of the acoustic signalgenerated by the noisemakers 102,302 using the acoustic sensors is alsoprovided. The method is described with reference to the noisemakersystem 100, however, the discussion is equally applicable to noisemakersystems 300,600.

In a calibration step according to various embodiments of the currentdisclosure, the noisemaker system 100 is used to determine the bestexcitation frequency for the acoustic signal generated by the noisemakersystem 100. The noisemaker 102, the noisemaker 302, or both noisemakers102,302 are activated to excite a wide frequency range of acousticsignals. For example, various types of excitations may include frequencysweeps, white noise, multiple tones, and impulses. Using the acousticsensor (or sensors) placed on the same pipe network as the noisemakersystem 100 and in proximity to the noisemaker system 100, the controllerdevice or a user may record the acoustic signal generated and estimate apower spectral density (PSD), which describes the distribution of signalenergy over frequency. Power spectral density is also referred to as aspectrum. The largest peak in the spectrum may indicate the best carrierfrequency. In various embodiments, the identification of the bestcarrier frequency may further be limited to a specific frequency rangebased on various pipe characteristics, such as pipe material compositionor pipe size.

A pseudo-random binary sequence that has ideal auto-correlationproperties is then generated. A pseudo-random binary sequence includes Nsamples, each sample taking only one of two values (e.g. 1 or −1). Theauto-correlation function of the pseudo-random binary sequence has asingle peak (for k=0), while all other values are 1 or −1, and may berepresented by the following formula:

$\begin{matrix}{{c(k)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; {a_{i}a_{i + k}}}} \\{{{C(0)} = N}} \\{{{{C\left( {k\; 0} \right)} - {1\mspace{14mu} {or}}\mspace{11mu} - {1\mspace{14mu} {for}\mspace{14mu} k}} < {0\mspace{14mu} {or}\mspace{14mu} k} > 0}}\end{matrix}$

In various embodiments, the sequence is generated with a linear shiftregister. The shift register may use a polynomial such as p(x)=x³¹+x²⁸+1for sequence generation, though other polynomials may be used in variousother embodiments and the disclosure of the polynomial p(x)=x³¹+x²⁸+1should not be considered limiting on the current disclosure. In variousembodiments, the ideal auto-correlation properties may provide a goodestimation of the propagation velocity of the acoustic signal. Thepseudo-random binary sequence is then modulated to the carrier frequencyto generate an excitation sequence using various modulation schemesincluding, but not limited to, phase shift keying, frequency shiftkeying, or amplitude shift keying. The phase shift key may berepresented by multiplying the pseudo-random binary sequence with asinusoidal signal with a carrier frequency fc. Frequency shift keyingand amplitude shift keying mean encoding a pseudo random sequence overmultiple tones or multiple pulses, respectively. The pseudo-randombinary component provides the excitation sequence with a good estimationof propagation velocity and the carrier frequency component provides theexcitation sequence with good energy propagation over a long distance.

The excitation sequence may be utilized by the noisemaker 102,noisemaker 302, or both noisemakers 102,302 of the noisemaker system 100to generate an acoustic signal with the desired frequency andregularity. For example, in various embodiments including a cam deviceconnected to a noisemaker 102, the excitation sequence may beimplemented by controlling the rotational speed of the cam. Controllingthe rotational speed controls the frequency at which the cam engages thepiston rod 108 to deliver pulses of force to the piston rod 108 andthereby controls the frequency of the pressure pulses generated by thenoisemaker 102. In various other examples, the excitation sequence mayinclude a burst-pause scheme or alternative frequencies such that thenoisemaker system 100 generates a series of pulses with a variabledelay. The disclosure of the cam device should not be consideredlimiting as in various other embodiments, the acoustic signal may begenerated through various other mechanisms.

In various embodiments, a timing device may be attached to both thesensor and the noisemaker system, and a processor may be present toperform a cross-correlation over a known distance and determine thepropagation velocity, giving an estimate of the average minimum wallthickness of the pipe.

The generated acoustic signal with the desired frequency and regularitymay be utilized by an operator can perform a signal correlation over aknown distance. The operator may correlate the signal acquired from oneor multiple sensors with the excitation. Through the signal correlation,the operator may determine the propagation velocity of the acousticsignal and an estimate of the average minimum wall thickness of thepipe. In various embodiments, signal cross-correlation may be utilizedto determine the propagation delay from the source to the sensor. Thisinformation may be processed to measure the propagation velocity andestimate the pipe wall thickness in various embodiments.

The piston housing 104 and the valve housing 122 are two examples ofnoisemaker housings, and the piston cavity and the valve cavity are twoexamples of noisemaker cavities, though other types of noisemakerhousings and noisemaker cavities may be present in various otherembodiments.

In various embodiments, any of the noisemaker systems 100,300,600 mayinclude both noisemakers 102,302 or only one of the noisemakers 102,302.In embodiments where both noisemakers 102,302 are included, at least thepiston 106 is detached and removed from the noisemaker system prior toactuation of the second noisemaker 302 to create an outlet for fluidflow from the noisemaker system 100 during use of the second noisemaker302. The first noisemaker 102 may also be detached and removed from thenoisemaker system to create an outlet. However, in various otherembodiments, another outlet is provided on the noisemaker system 100 andtherefore neither the piston 106 nor the first noisemaker 102 aredetached or removed from the noisemaker system 100. For example, invarious other embodiments, the noisemaker system is Y-shaped with thefirst noisemaker 102 positioned on one branch and the second noisemaker302 is positioned on a second branch. In another example, the purgevalve 130 may be used to expel fluid from the system with the secondnoisemaker 302 or the first noisemaker 102.

One should note that conditional language, such as, among others, “can,”“could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, orotherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intendedto convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments donot include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, suchconditional language is not generally intended to imply that features,elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more particularembodiments or that one or more particular embodiments necessarilyinclude logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting,whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to beperformed in any particular embodiment. Directional references such as“up,” “down,” “top,” “left,” “right,” “front,” “back,” and “corners,”among others are intended to refer to the orientation as shown anddescribed in the figure (or figures) to which the components anddirections are referencing.

It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments are merelypossible examples of implementations, merely set forth for a clearunderstanding of the principles of the present disclosure. Manyvariations and modifications may be made to the above-describedembodiment(s) without departing substantially from the spirit andprinciples of the present disclosure. Further, the scope of the presentdisclosure is intended to cover any and all combinations andsub-combinations of all elements, features, and aspects discussed above.All such modifications and variations are intended to be included hereinwithin the scope of the present disclosure, and all possible claims toindividual aspects or combinations of elements or steps are intended tobe supported by the present disclosure.

That which is claimed is:
 1. A noisemaker system comprising: a node ofan infrastructure system; and a noisemaker connected in fluidcommunication with the node, the noisemaker comprising a noisemakerhousing defining a noisemaker cavity, and a pulsing device positionedwithin the noisemaker cavity, the pulsing device configured to contact afluid within the noisemaker cavity and generate an acoustic signalwithin the fluid.
 2. The noisemaker system of claim 1, furthercomprising a purge valve in fluid communication with the noisemaker, thepurge valve configured to remove air from the noisemaker system.
 3. Thenoisemaker system of claim 1, wherein the infrastructure system is awater infrastructure system, and wherein the node is a fire hydrant. 4.The noisemaker system of claim 1, wherein: the noisemaker housing is apiston housing and the noisemaker cavity is a piston cavity; and thepulsing device is a piston comprising a piston rod having a first endand a second end, wherein the first end of the piston rod is positionedexterior to the piston cavity, and wherein the second end of the pistonrod is connected to a piston positioned within the piston cavity.
 5. Thenoisemaker system of claim 4, wherein the piston includes an O-ringpositioned on the piston rod between the first end and the piston, andwherein the O-ring is positioned within the piston cavity.
 6. Thenoisemaker system of claim 4, further comprising a displacementmechanism configured to displace the piston within the piston cavity. 7.The noisemaker system of claim 1, further comprising an adapterconnected to the node, wherein the noisemaker is connected to the nodevia the adapter.
 8. The noisemaker system of claim 1, wherein: thenoisemaker housing is a valve housing and the noisemaker cavity is avalve cavity; and the pulsing device is a valve, wherein the valve ispositioned within the valve cavity.
 9. The noisemaker system of claim 8,wherein the valve is a butterfly valve.
 10. A noisemaker comprising: anoisemaker housing, the noisemaker housing defining a noisemaker cavity,the noisemaker cavity in fluid communication with an infrastructure pipesystem; and a pulsing device, the pulsing device positioned within thenoisemaker cavity and configured to generate an acoustic signal within afluid of the infrastructure pipe system.
 11. The noisemaker of claim 10,wherein: the noisemaker housing is a piston housing and the noisemakercavity is a piston cavity; and the pulsing device is a piston, whereinthe piston includes a piston rod having a first end and a second end,wherein the first end of the piston rod is positioned exterior to thepiston cavity, and wherein the second end of the piston rod is connectedto a piston positioned within the piston cavity.
 12. The noisemaker ofclaim 11, further comprising a displacement mechanism configured todisplace the piston within the piston cavity.
 13. The noisemaker ofclaim 12, wherein the displacement mechanism is an adjustable speed andadjustable force vibrator.
 14. The noisemaker of claim 10, wherein: thenoisemaker housing is a valve housing and the noisemaker cavity is avalve cavity; and the pulsing device is a valve, wherein the valve ispositioned within the valve cavity.
 15. The noisemaker of claim 14,further comprising: a stem positioned within the valve cavity andconnected to the valve; and a variable speed motor attached to the stemand configured to rotate the valve.
 16. A method comprising: mounting anoisemaker on a node of an infrastructure system, the noisemakercomprising a noisemaker housing defining a noisemaker cavity, and apulsing device positioned within the noisemaker cavity; and generatingan acoustic signal in a fluid within the noisemaker cavity by contactingthe pulsing device with the fluid.
 17. The method of claim 16, furthercomprising: recording the acoustic signal generated by the pulsingdevice; estimating a power spectral density; and determining a carrierfrequency based on the power spectral density.
 18. The method of claim17, further comprising: generating a pseudo-random binary sequence;modulating the pseudo-random binary sequence to the carrier frequency togenerate an excitation sequence; and generating a second acoustic signin the fluid with the pulsing device based on the excitation sequence.19. The method of claim 16, wherein the noisemaker housing is a pistonhousing and the noisemaker cavity is a piston cavity, wherein thepulsing device is a piston comprising a piston rod having a first endand a second end, wherein the first end of the piston rod is positionedexterior to the piston cavity, wherein the second end of the piston rodis connected to a piston positioned within the piston cavity, andwherein generating the acoustic signal comprises moving the piston rodwithin the piston cavity.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein thenoisemaker housing is a valve housing and the noisemaker cavity is avalve cavity, wherein the pulsing device is a valve, wherein the valveis positioned within the valve cavity, and wherein generating theacoustic signal comprises rotating the valve within the valve cavity.